Background and Objective: Nursing theorists have defined nursing knowledge within the framework of the governing philosophies. Nursing theories belonging to the modernist era were developed based on the principles of modernist philosophy. With criticisms about the negative consequences of modernism, nursing scientists decided to move from modernism to postmodernism and the care PARADIGM that originated from postmodernism. Expression of excessive criticism about the foundations of postmodernism shed doubt on the effectiveness of the care PARADIGM. The aim of this study was to investigate the consequences of the biomedical and care PARADIGM on nursing and provide an alternative and monotheistic PARADIGM. Methods: The present study is library-based. The books and articles related to the most important nursing philosophies and PARADIGMs in the time range of 1950 to 2020 were searched on the national and international databases and examined using a descriptive analytical approach. The authors reported no conflict of interests. Results: One-dimensional view of and attention only to objective signs are among the criticisms of modernism and the biomedical PARADIGM, also, the lack of a solid standard of good or bad, the violation of the law of the community of contradictions by stating the acceptance of some truths in the world and the denial of general rules are among the criticisms of postmodernism and the care PARADIGM. The Islamic PARADIGM, while having the strengths of the last two PARADIGMs, does not have their weaknesses. Conclusion: Given the need to present a nursing PARADIGM based on the prevailing philosophy of any society, the Islamic PARADIGM is proposed as a way out of the challenges created by the current PARADIGM in nursing.

Introduction: The modern use of the word PARADIGM began with the theoretical ideas of Thomas Kuhn and then the scientific revolution occurred. PARADIGM is a set of concepts accepted by scientists in their study area and provides a framework in which scientists can solve scientific problems. PARADIGM is what separates science from nonscience.Method: This review was undertaken by library studies using databases such as CINHAL, Proquest, Science direct, Magiran and SID.Results: Nursing PARADIGM, like the foundation of a building, determines the goals and boundaries of nursing. In nursing, PARADIGM is based on shared values, and assumptions related to key concepts such as the individual, health, environment, and nursing. The boundaries of key concepts are reflected in teaching or nursing culture, work experiences, and values which affect our observations of events and situations. These are the foundation for creating the key concepts of nursing.Conclusion: Some believe that nursing may not have a normal science period; therefore, they believe it is in its PARADIGM period. Others believe that if we accept that nursing is in the prePARADIGM stage then it cannot be considered a science; therefore, because it has a philosophy and is a science it is in the PARADIGM stage.

Like language, we may not be able to find a creator for vernacular urbanization and architecture. These have been built by people, by the creative power of society over a long period of time. These spaces can be seen, neither as a work of art nor an intellectual achievement, but as a living process, an open-ended dynamic activity in which each generation adds a new meaning and enriches it with its contradictions. The core of tradition is that there is a direct link between a society's design and its social health and identity. Design is a manifestation of the social, political and economic situation. It is also clear that no city or building is developed by itself. There is a need for human intervention to generate types of spaces. This is possible by planning or a design process, either via participatory mechanisms or by the designer's sentience and knowledge. This arcticl is an attempt to explore the diverse ways in which we perceive our environment and will provide an analytical survey 'of the problems that beset us. Later, It will bring these various elements into perspective and offer some directives for the establishment of humanity' in the built environment and say that the mainspring, for the designers and planners, is evidently the life - in all its breadth and depth - of the people for whom they are designing; and the ways they sustain that life depend on the depth of their knowledge and understanding of it - as their ancestors did in a traditional way.

Following Kuhn's seminal work، «the structure of scientific revolution»، challenging accumulation and progress in science، PARADIGM concept has been widely used in social science and popularized in scientific community.In this article، possibility of multi/meta PARADIGM approach in interdisciplinary studies is sought. Reviewing different perspectives to PARADIGMs including PARADIGM incommensurability، possibility of dialogue between different PARADIGMs، i.e. multi/meta PARADIGM approach، is examined. The enquiry is comparative-descriptive and critically scrutinizes previous writings in the area.Eventually، it will be shown that a major problem in literature on PARADIGM is loose application of the term. Taking into account the context of application، Vagueness can be reduced. Furthermore، Multi/Meta PARADIGM approach is paradoxical and ignores the essential characteristic of PARADIGM. in interdisciplinary studies، multiple PARADIGMs cannot be used simultaneously.

This paper proposes a single-phase five-level inverter with a modified pulse width-modulated (PWM) control scheme. The modified pulse width-modulation technique is developed to reduce switching losses. Also, the proposed MULTILEVEL inverter can reduce the requirement of power switches compared to a conventional cascaded MULTILEVEL inverter. The modes of operation, control signals, and operating principle of the proposed inverter are analyzed. The inverter is capable of producing five levels of output-voltage (Vs, Vs / 2, 0, − Vs, − Vs/2) from the dc supply voltage. In particular, aspects of total harmonic distortion (THD) for the proposed MULTILEVEL converters are discussed. The hybrid cascaded H-Bridge inverter with very low switching losses is ideal for such operations. The behaviour of the inverter has been analyzed with the simulation and experimental results. In this paper a new five level inverter with reduced number of switches is proposed and MATLAB/SIMULINK results are presented.

Postmodernism represents skepticism toward metanarratives and universal ideologies that dominated the modernist era. The study focuses on three key postmodernist concepts - alternative assessment, process syllabi, and self-directed learning. Alternative assessment emphasizes evaluating the learning process over summative testing. Process syllabi focus on the learning experience rather than rigid outcomes. Self-directed learning enables student responsibility in setting learning goals and processes. This paper examined the effects of postmodernist educational concepts on improving Iranian EFL learners’ autonomy. A quasi-experimental pre-test/post-test design was utilized with 60 intermediate level Iranian EFL students divided into an experimental and control group (n=30 each). The experimental group received instruction utilizing the three postmodernist concepts over 14 weeks, while the control group received traditional modernist instruction. Autonomy was measured using a validated questionnaire before and after the intervention. The results showed the experimental group demonstrated significant increases in autonomy compared to the control group. Paired sample t-tests revealed significant differences between pre-test and post-test autonomy for the experimental group across all three postmodern concepts - alternative assessment, process syllabi, and self-directed learning. This suggests postmodernist concepts that decentralize instruction and emphasize student process over outcomes can enhance Iranian EFL learners’ self-direction and responsibility for language acquisition. The study implies EFL syllabus designers and instruction should transition to postmodern models centered on individualized assessment, flexible syllabi, and student-guided learning to boost autonomy. Further research can expand sample sizes and explore additional postmodernist concepts across diverse demographics.

Thirty years after establishing the Islamic Republic of Iran’ s usury – free banking system, there are many ambiguities about its success. After investigating sharia-related issues of usury-free banking system based on nominate contracts, it was observed that: banking structures and mechanisms do not have the capabilities to execute the contracts; actions taken by the designers, policy makers and executives of this system to confront the mentioned challenges may be categorized into two groups: First, the continuation of the banking system based on nominate contracts and correction of the current situation; second, moving towards a different PARADIGM. This article concentrates on the second solution and explains a new PARADIGM named “ bank contract” . Also, the currency used in the early years of Islam was the real money whereas the world’ s present banking system is using fiat money which has its own regulations, hence the necessity of providing new definition of the state money and analyzing the existing banking and market systems based on that. Finally, as banking and its functions in their modern sense didn’ t exist in the early years of Islam and have to be recognized as a novel issue, the relationship between depositors and the bank and the relationship between the latter and receivers of facilities need a contract definition that goes with “ bank contract” . Based on this study, usury-free banking system based on nominate contracts that now act as the underlying trend in the usury-free operational law, is not suitable for executing banking operations.

Even though the highest level of understanding human being is a philosophical understanding of him, human being as a social reality can be experimentally understood only when philosophical understanding can be reduced to the PARADIGM level and then the scientific understanding level. Meanwhile, PARADIGM is a set of logical statements that is accepted by the scientific society and answers the basic questions on the ontological, epistemological, methodological, anthropological and axiological assumptions of science. In this article, after introducing the dominant PARADIGMs in humanities (positivism, hermeneutic, critical theory), it is attempted to analyze the responses of each of these PARADIGMs to anthropological questions. Familiarity with dominant humanities PARADIGMs' views of human's nature can open grounds for criticizing liberalist, critical and humanist theories and develop a common sense of human nature in divine PARADIGM. This serves as a preface to theorizing in religious social sciences for a better explanation of human and social events.